What's the difference between "app.render" and "res.render" in express.js?

Here are some differences:

You can call app.render on root level and res.render only inside a route/middleware.

app.render always returns the html in the callback function, whereas res.render does so only when you've specified the callback function as your third parameter. If you call res.render without the third parameter/callback function the rendered html is sent to the client with a status code of 200.

Take a look at the following examples.

app.render

app.render('index', {title: 'res vs app render'}, function(err, html) {
    console.log(html)
});

// logs the following string (from default index.jade)
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>res vs app render</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/style.css"></head><body><h1>res vs app render</h1><p>Welcome to res vs app render</p></body></html>

res.render without third parameter

app.get('/render', function(req, res) {
    res.render('index', {title: 'res vs app render'})
})

// also renders index.jade but sends it to the client 
// with status 200 and content-type text/html on GET /render

res.render with third parameter

app.get('/render', function(req, res) {
    res.render('index', {title: 'res vs app render'}, function(err, html) {
        console.log(html);
        res.send('done');
    })
})

// logs the same as app.render and sends "done" to the client instead 
// of the content of index.jade

res.render uses app.render internally to render template files.

You can use the render functions to create html emails. Depending on your structure of your app, you might not always have acces to the app object.

For example inside an external route:

app.js

var routes = require('routes');

app.get('/mail', function(req, res) {
    // app object is available -> app.render
})

app.get('/sendmail', routes.sendmail);

routes.js

exports.sendmail = function(req, res) {
    // can't use app.render -> therefore res.render
}

use app.render in scenarios where you need to render a view but not send it to a client via http. html emails springs to mind.

along with these two variants, there is also jade.renderFile which generates html that need not be passed to the client.

usage-

var jade = require('jade');

exports.getJson = getJson;

function getJson(req, res) {
    var html = jade.renderFile('views/test.jade', {some:'json'});
    res.send({message: 'i sent json'});
}

getJson() is available as a route in app.js.

What's the difference between "app.render" and "res.render" in express.js?

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