Finding a nonempty subset that is not a subgroup
Let $G=\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\}$ with multiplication and $H=(0,1]$
This set $H$ can lack inverses. Let $G = \mathbb Z$ and $H = \mathbb N_0$ (operation is addition).
Take the group $G$ as $\mathbb Z$ with addition and the subgroup $H$ as set of all even positive integers. $H$ is closed under addition but doesn't have inverse so $H$ is not a subgroup