Is there a system-wide Game Center problem with Tiny Death Star?
Solution 1:
There have been an ongoing issues with Tiny Death Star and Game Center. People have reported multiple instances of not receiving their achievements via Game Center.
But, you seem to have a bigger issue with your installation. The other symptoms seem to speak to a corrupted file somewhere. And, given the limitations of iOS, I don't think it will be easily repaired.
In my experience, you have done everything from your end that you can, except: uninstalling the game, and restarting the game from scratch, including clearing it from Game Center when you do so. This solution has worked for other users experiencing a wide variety of game play issues. But, it will also delete all of your progress.
I'm sorry there isn't an easier solution. Hopefully a future update will address this.