Discontinuity points of a Distribution function [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate:
Distribution Functions of Measures and Countable Sets

The question at hand is:

Let F be a distribution function on $\mathbb{R}$. Prove that F has at most countably many discontinuities.

My attempt at a solution:

$\textrm{F is non-decreasing by assumption}\\ F(\varphi ^-)=\lim_{t \uparrow \varphi}F(t),F(\varphi ^+)=\lim_{t \downarrow \varphi}F(t)\\ \textrm{The above limits exist and discontinuity points occur where}\\ F(\varphi^-)\neq F(\varphi)=F(\varphi^+)\\ \textrm{let (a,b] be a finite interval with n discontinuity points such that: } \\ a<\varphi_1<...< \varphi_n < b \Rightarrow \sum_{\varphi =1}^{n}P(\varphi_k) \leq F(b)-F(a)\\ \textrm{therefore the number of discontinuity points is at most: } \frac{1}{\varepsilon }F(b)-F(a)$

As is (painfully) evident, I am just learning these concepts on my own and have little background in rigorous proof writing. I think all I have done is restrict the # of discontinuities of size $\frac{1}{\epsilon}$, and I'm not sure this does much for me.

Any help would be greatly appreciated, as always.

Solution 1:

Another approach: let $D$ be the set of points of discontinuity. For each $x \in D$ we have $F(x-) < F(x+)$ so we can choose a rational $q_x$ with $F(x-) < q_x < F(x+)$. Since $F$ is increasing we can check that if $x \ne y$ then $q_x \ne q_y$. So $x \mapsto q_x$ is a one-to-one function from $D$ to $\mathbb{Q}$, and $\mathbb{Q}$ is countable, hence so is $D$.

Solution 2:

Here is the proof from Folland Real Analysis Theorem 3.23 (p. 101):

• $F$ is increasing, hence intervals $(F(x-),F(x+))$, $x \in \mathbb{R}$ are mutually disjoint.
• For $|x| < N$, the interval $(F(x-),F(x+))$ lies in $(F(-N),F(N))$.
• These two imply $$ \sum_{|x| < N} [F(x+) - F(x-)] \le F(-N) - F(N) < \infty $$ This sum over an uncountable set is defined on p. 11. (Essentially it is the supremum of the sum over all of its finite partial sums.) Being finite implies that the number of nonzero terms of the sum is countable.
• This means that the set $D_N := \{ x \in (-N,N) : F(x-) \neq F(x+) \}$ is countable.
• The whole set of discontiuities is $\bigcup_{N \in \mathbb{N}} D_N$ which is countable (since it is the countable union of countable sets.)

The interesting trick here is that you map the discontinuities to a collection of disjoint intervals, and then bound the total length of those intervals. (Very useful in general in proving that a set is countable.)

Solution 3:

You can finish off this argument by noting that any discontinuity is of "size" at least $1/n$ for some $n\in\mathbb N$, and thus the set of discontinuities is a countable union of finite sets, which is itself countable.