List of currently resolved domain names

ipconfig /displaydns

Run the following commands in order:

1. ipconfig /flushdns
2. ping google.com.
3. ipconfig /displaydns

This (or something very similar) is what you should see, unless something (probably malware) is messing with your DNS resolution:

C:\>ipconfig  /flushdns

Windows IP Configuration

Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.

C:\>ping google.com.

Pinging google.com [74.125.45.100] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 74.125.45.100: bytes=32 time=36ms TTL=50
Reply from 74.125.45.100: bytes=32 time=32ms TTL=50
Reply from 74.125.45.100: bytes=32 time=40ms TTL=50
Reply from 74.125.45.100: bytes=32 time=38ms TTL=50

Ping statistics for 74.125.45.100:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
    Minimum = 32ms, Maximum = 40ms, Average = 37ms

C:\>ipconfig  /flushdns

Windows IP Configuration

    google.com
    ----------------------------------------
    Record Name . . . . . : google.com
    Record Type . . . . . : 1
    Time To Live  . . . . : 140
    Data Length . . . . . : 4
    Section . . . . . . . : Answer
    A (Host) Record . . . : 209.85.171.100


    Record Name . . . . . : google.com
    Record Type . . . . . : 1
    Time To Live  . . . . : 140
    Data Length . . . . . : 4
    Section . . . . . . . : Answer
    A (Host) Record . . . : 74.125.67.100


    Record Name . . . . . : google.com
    Record Type . . . . . : 1
    Time To Live  . . . . : 140
    Data Length . . . . . : 4
    Section . . . . . . . : Answer
    A (Host) Record . . . : 74.125.45.100



C:\>

Regarding your edited question regarding some DNS entries with a low TTL missing from the cache, check out this google search which will explain all:

http://www.google.com/search?q=HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\DNSCache\Parameters++site%3Amicrosoft.com