Rename single column in SELECT * in SQL, select all but a column

Sorry, no, there is not a way to replace an existing column name using a SELECT * construct as you desire.

It is always better to define columns explicitly, especially for views, and never use SELECT *. Just use the table's DDL as a model when you create the view. That way you can alter any column definition you want (as in your question) and eliminate columns inappropriate for the view. We use this technique to mask or eliminate columns containing sensitive data like social security numbers and passwords. The link provided by marc_s in the comments is a good read.

Google BigQuery supports SELECT * REPLACE:

A SELECT * REPLACE statement specifies one or more expression AS identifier clauses. Each identifier must match a column name from the SELECT * statement.

In the output column list, the column that matches the identifier in a REPLACE clause is replaced by the expression in that REPLACE clause.

A SELECT * REPLACE statement does not change the names or order of columns. However, it can change the value and the value type.

Select *, Age = CASE When "Name" = 'BRYAN ADAMS' AND "Alive" = 1 THEN 18
                     ELSE "Age"
                END
FROM tab
=>
SELECT * REPLACE(CASE WHEN Name = 'BRYAN ADAMS' AND Alive = 1 THEN 18
                      ELSE Age END AS Age)
FROM Tab

Actually, there is a way to do this in MySQL. You need to use a hack to select all but one column as posted here, then add it separately in the AS statement.

Here is an example:

-- Set-up some example data
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test;
CREATE TABLE `test` (`ID` int(2), `date` datetime, `val0` varchar(1), val1 INT(1), val2 INT(4), PRIMARY KEY(ID, `date`));
INSERT INTO `test` (`ID`, `date`, `val0`, `val1`, `val2`) VALUES
(1, '2016-03-07 12:20:00', 'a', 1, 1001),
(1, '2016-04-02 12:20:00', 'b', 2, 1004),
(1, '2016-03-01 10:09:00', 'c', 3, 1009),
(1, '2015-04-12 10:09:00', 'd', 4, 1016),
(1, '2016-03-03 12:20:00', 'e', 5, 1025);

-- Select all columns, renaming 'val0' as 'yabadabadoo':
SET @s = CONCAT('SELECT ', (SELECT REPLACE(GROUP_CONCAT(COLUMN_NAME), 'val0,', '') 
  FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'test' AND TABLE_SCHEMA = 
  '<database_name>'), ', val0 AS `yabadabadoo` FROM test');

PREPARE stmt1 FROM @s;
EXECUTE stmt1;