"provide" vs. "provide with"
Solution 1:
The verb provide has two different subcategorisation frames:
- provide something [ to somebody]
- provide somebody with something
In the first, the material provided is the object, in the second the recipient is the object.
Both are valid, and both are in common use. The difference between them is the with phrase, which must be there to get meaning 2: if there is only one (direct) object, then meaning 1 is the relevant one (the to phrase is optional).
The stranding you are doing can be grammatical, but because you are using with, it is grammatical only if the recipient is explicit as the direct object
We add the information the study provides us with to our article.
(Thanks to Jonathan Spirit for the example)
If you are not expressing the recipient, you need to use pattern 1, which has no with:
We add the information the study provides to our article.
Solution 2:
With is a preposition. If we want to say, "provided with," we have to have something that the "with" modifies. We could revise this sentence to say,
We add the information the study provides us with to our article.
In your original sentence, the prepositional phrase "with information" didn't modify any words. In this new sentence, "with information" modifies "us."
You could also use the second sentence, which is equally correct.