Checking odd/even numbers and changing outputs on number size

Solution 1:

Giving you the complete answer would have no point at all since this is homework, so here are a few pointers :

Even or Odd:

number % 2 == 0

definitely is a very good way to find whether your number is even.

In case you do not know %, this does modulo which is here the remainder of the division of number by 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation

Printing the pyramid:

First advice: In order to print *****, you can do print "*" * 5.

Second advice: In order to center the asterisks, you need to find out how many spaces to write before the asterisks. Then you can print a bunch of spaces and asterisks with print " "*1 + "*"*3

Solution 2:

The modulo 2 solutions with %2 is good, but that requires a division and a subtraction. Because computers use binary arithmetic, a much more efficient solution is:

# This first solution does not produce a Boolean value. 
is_odd_if_zero = value & 1

# or

is_odd = (value & 1) == 1

# or

is_even = (value & 1) == 0

Solution 3:

A few of the solutions here reference the time taken for various "is even" operations, specifically n % 2 vs n & 1, without systematically checking how this varies with the size of n, which turns out to be predictive of speed.

The short answer is that if you're using reasonably sized numbers, normally < 1e9, it doesn't make much difference. If you're using larger numbers then you probably want to be using the bitwise operator.

Here's a plot to demonstrate what's going on (with Python 3.7.3, under Linux 5.1.2):

Basically as you hit "arbitrary precision" longs things get progressively slower for modulus, while remaining constant for the bitwise op. Also, note the 10**-7 multiplier on this, i.e. I can do ~30 million (small integer) checks per second.

Here's the same plot for Python 2.7.16:

which shows the optimisation that's gone into newer versions of Python.

I've only got these versions of Python on my machine, but could rerun for other versions of there's interest. There are 51 ns between 1 and 1e100 (evenly spaced on a log scale), for each point I do the equivalent of:

timeit('n % 2', f'n={n}', number=niter) 

where niter is calculated to make timeit take ~0.1 seconds, and this is repeated 5 times. The slightly awkward handling of n is to make sure we're not also benchmarking global variable lookup, which is slower than local variables. The mean of these values are used to draw the line, and the individual values are drawn as points.

Solution 4:

Simple but yet fast:

>>> def is_odd(a):
...     return bool(a - ((a>>1)<<1))
...
>>> print(is_odd(13))
True
>>> print(is_odd(12))
False
>>>

Or even simpler:

>>> def is_odd(a):
...   return bool(a & 1)