How to empty swap if there is free RAM?
The Linux kernel underlying Ubuntu will automatically "swap in" those pages from disk to RAM as needed, so in general I'd say just let it happen naturally.
However, if you really feel that you need to force it, (I can see a scenario where you would want to know the system will be responsive later) you can momentarily disable and re-enable swap
sudo swapoff -a
sudo swapon -a
OR alternatively as a single line
sudo swapoff -a; sudo swapon -a
Be careful doing this, as you may make your system unstable, especially if its already low on RAM.
Just because swap is allocated, doesn't mean it's being 'used'. Whilst programs like system monitor and top will show some of your swap space being allocated (in your example 770MB) that doesn't mean that the system is actively swapping in/out.
To find out if anything is swapping in/out you can use the vmstat command. Leave it running a few seconds to settle down and watch the si (swapin) and so (swapout) columns. If nothing is happening then there is no reason to be concerned.
Here's the output of running vmstat 1, where you can see my machine is not swapping at all.
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 78588 230788 9596 72196 0 0 0 0 543 652 12 6 78 0
0 0 78588 230780 9596 72196 0 0 0 0 531 410 1 0 99 0
0 0 78588 230796 9596 72196 0 0 0 0 300 335 1 1 97 0
1 0 78588 230788 9608 72224 0 0 40 0 737 762 4 4 84 8
5 0 78588 230788 9608 72224 0 0 0 0 415 385 9 3 84 0
0 0 78588 230540 9616 72224 0 0 0 44 611 556 55 5 31 0
0 0 78588 230532 9616 72224 0 0 0 0 574 662 1 6 89 0
Yet here in top you can see I have swap space allocated:-
Mem: 475236k total, 245076k used, 230160k free, 9720k buffers
Swap: 491512k total, 78588k used, 412924k free, 72476k cached
You can also set your "swappiness" value from the default of 60, this way the swap won't grow so large to begin with. Why the shipping default is set to 60 when the recommended value is 10 perplexes me. From the Ubuntu SwapFAQ:
The default setting in Ubuntu is swappiness=60. Reducing the default value of swappiness will probably improve overall performance for a typical Ubuntu desktop installation. A value of swappiness=10 is recommended, but feel free to experiment.
By changing this value to 10 or even 0, you can add a significant and perceivable speed boost to an older system with a slow drive. Setting this value to 0 does not turn swap off for Linux kernel 3.4 and below but with 3.5+ it does so you will want to use a value of 1 if you want to keep it on its lowest setting*.
I see no reason not to set this to 0 since anything that hits disk is slower than RAM. I have 8 virtual cores, a fast SSD & 8 GB of memory and my swap is set to 0. As of this moment I have 3 virtual machines running, my memory usage is 7.1 of 7.7 GB, my used swap is only at 576KB of 952MB and all systems are running smoothly!
From the Ubuntu SwapFAQ:
The swappiness parameter controls the tendency of the kernel to move processes out of physical memory and onto the swap disk. Because disks are much slower than RAM, this can lead to slower response times for system and applications if processes are too aggressively moved out of memory.
- swappiness can have a value of between 0 and 100
- swappiness=0 tells the kernel to avoid swapping processes out of physical memory for as long as possible
- swappiness=100 tells the kernel to aggressively swap processes out of physical memory and move them to swap cache
Below are basic instructions for checking swappiness, emptying your swap and changing the swappiness to 0:
To check the swappiness value:
cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
To temporarily set swap to 0 (as suggested by SpamapS):
This will empty your swap and transfer all the swap back into memory. First make sure you have enough memory available by viewing the resources tab of gnome-system-monitor, your free memory should be greater than your used swap. This process may take a while, use gnome-system-monitor to monitor and verify the progress.
sudo swapoff --all
To set the new value to 0:
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=0
To turn swap back on:
sudo swapon --all
To permanently set swappiness to 0:
-
sudoedit /etc/sysctl.conf - Add this line
vm.swappiness = 0 -
sudo shutdown -r now# restart system
* With kernel version 3.5+ setting swappiness to 0 does turn it off entirely and a setting of 1 is recommended if you want the lowest swappiness algorithm. source: https://www.percona.com/blog/2014/04/28/oom-relation-vm-swappiness0-new-kernel/
I've found that emptying swap can help a lot on systems with slow disks and limited RAM. Of course, as already mentioned, the way to do this is to run sudo swapoff -a; sudo swapon -a. The problem here is that if there's insufficient RAM, doing so will cause all sorts of problems.
I've written a script that I call toggle_swap that has worked for me for the last several years. It checks for enough free RAM before actually disabling the swap. Here it is:
#!/bin/bash
free_data="$(free)"
mem_data="$(echo "$free_data" | grep 'Mem:')"
free_mem="$(echo "$mem_data" | awk '{print $4}')"
buffers="$(echo "$mem_data" | awk '{print $6}')"
cache="$(echo "$mem_data" | awk '{print $7}')"
total_free=$((free_mem + buffers + cache))
used_swap="$(echo "$free_data" | grep 'Swap:' | awk '{print $3}')"
echo -e "Free memory:\t$total_free kB ($((total_free / 1024)) MB)\nUsed swap:\t$used_swap kB ($((used_swap / 1024)) MB)"
if [[ $used_swap -eq 0 ]]; then
echo "Congratulations! No swap is in use."
elif [[ $used_swap -lt $total_free ]]; then
echo "Freeing swap..."
sudo swapoff -a
sudo swapon -a
else
echo "Not enough free memory. Exiting."
exit 1
fi
After mucking around with swappiness for a couple of days, I've come to the conclusion that the kernel should be left to its own devices. It knows what it's doing, and it's optimized to give you the best experience.
Unless you have a really good reason for wanting that disk back, I'd leave it be.