How to fix broken /boot/efi Partition?

Your output shows nothing strange and you can succesfully boot into your system. This indicates that your EFI System Partition is ok.

A common mistake is mixing up boot-modes (legacy vs. UEFI). Before you install an operating system, you should examine your partition tables and if you multi-boot, you should check in which boot-mode other operating systems are installed.

All OS should be installed in the same boot-mode to achieve a proper multi-boot.

The symptom you describe mostly appears, when you try to install in legacy mode on a disk with GPT partition table. In such a case an extra bios_grub-partition would be needed to install grub properly, if this partition doesn't exist, the installation fails. There is no installer which creates this partition for you, you would have to do it manually.

You can disable legacy boot (CSM) in your firmware settings to avoid such a confusion.

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