Reset Xfce4 Application Finder Size
Looking under ~/.config/xfce4
I found ~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-appfinder.xml
In there, there was a "property" XML node named "last" containing several other nodes, "window-height", "window-width" and "pane-position". I deleted the whole "last" XML node with a text editor, restarted the computer and now AppFinder spawns where it used to. Afterwards the AppFinder itself rewrote the configuration file with the default coordinates.
$ tail ~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-appfinder.xml
<property name="save" type="empty"/>
<property name="command" type="empty"/>
</property>
</property>
<property name="last" type="empty">
<property name="window-height" type="int" value="400"/>
<property name="window-width" type="int" value="400"/>
<property name="pane-position" type="int" value="180"/>
</property>
</channel>