Why is the day of the week missing?
Solution 1:
It's probably a bug in this update, which landed in focal-updates
on 2021-03-25.
Please feel free to file a bug report:
ubuntu-bug gnome-shell
Solution 2:
I recently moved to 20.04 and had the same issue. One workaround I found was to open the Settings, disable auto update of the date if enabled, manually move the date a day forward or back in Settings, then while keeping the Settings open, open the top bar calendar and you should see the day-of-week appear. At that point just set the date back to the correct date or auto update in Settings and close. I couldn't tell you why this works though.