Converting Integers to Roman Numerals - Java
Solution 1:
A compact implementation using Java TreeMap and recursion:
import java.util.TreeMap;
public class RomanNumber {
private final static TreeMap<Integer, String> map = new TreeMap<Integer, String>();
static {
map.put(1000, "M");
map.put(900, "CM");
map.put(500, "D");
map.put(400, "CD");
map.put(100, "C");
map.put(90, "XC");
map.put(50, "L");
map.put(40, "XL");
map.put(10, "X");
map.put(9, "IX");
map.put(5, "V");
map.put(4, "IV");
map.put(1, "I");
}
public final static String toRoman(int number) {
int l = map.floorKey(number);
if ( number == l ) {
return map.get(number);
}
return map.get(l) + toRoman(number-l);
}
}
Testing:
public void testRomanConversion() {
for (int i = 1; i<= 100; i++) {
System.out.println(i+"\t =\t "+RomanNumber.toRoman(i));
}
}
Solution 2:
There is actually another way of looking at this problem, not as a number problem, but a Unary problem, starting with the base character of Roman numbers, "I". So we represent the number with just I, and then we replace the characters in ascending value of the roman characters.
public String getRomanNumber(int number) {
return join("", nCopies(number, "I"))
.replace("IIIII", "V")
.replace("IIII", "IV")
.replace("VV", "X")
.replace("VIV", "IX")
.replace("XXXXX", "L")
.replace("XXXX", "XL")
.replace("LL", "C")
.replace("LXL", "XC")
.replace("CCCCC", "D")
.replace("CCCC", "CD")
.replace("DD", "M")
.replace("DCD", "CM");
}
I especially like this method of solving this problem rather than using a lot of ifs and while loops, or table lookups. It is also actually a quit intuitive solution when you thinking of the problem not as a number problem.
Solution 3:
Use these libraries:
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Map;
The code:
public static String RomanNumerals(int Int) {
LinkedHashMap<String, Integer> roman_numerals = new LinkedHashMap<String, Integer>();
roman_numerals.put("M", 1000);
roman_numerals.put("CM", 900);
roman_numerals.put("D", 500);
roman_numerals.put("CD", 400);
roman_numerals.put("C", 100);
roman_numerals.put("XC", 90);
roman_numerals.put("L", 50);
roman_numerals.put("XL", 40);
roman_numerals.put("X", 10);
roman_numerals.put("IX", 9);
roman_numerals.put("V", 5);
roman_numerals.put("IV", 4);
roman_numerals.put("I", 1);
String res = "";
for(Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : roman_numerals.entrySet()){
int matches = Int/entry.getValue();
res += repeat(entry.getKey(), matches);
Int = Int % entry.getValue();
}
return res;
}
public static String repeat(String s, int n) {
if(s == null) {
return null;
}
final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sb.append(s);
}
return sb.toString();
}
Testing the code:
for (int i = 1;i<256;i++) {
System.out.println("i="+i+" -> "+RomanNumerals(i));
}
The output:
i=1 -> I
i=2 -> II
i=3 -> III
i=4 -> IV
i=5 -> V
i=6 -> VI
i=7 -> VII
i=8 -> VIII
i=9 -> IX
i=10 -> X
i=11 -> XI
i=12 -> XII
i=13 -> XIII
i=14 -> XIV
i=15 -> XV
i=16 -> XVI
i=17 -> XVII
i=18 -> XVIII
i=19 -> XIX
i=20 -> XX
i=21 -> XXI
i=22 -> XXII
i=23 -> XXIII
i=24 -> XXIV
i=25 -> XXV
i=26 -> XXVI
i=27 -> XXVII
i=28 -> XXVIII
i=29 -> XXIX
i=30 -> XXX
i=31 -> XXXI
i=32 -> XXXII
i=33 -> XXXIII
i=34 -> XXXIV
i=35 -> XXXV
i=36 -> XXXVI
i=37 -> XXXVII
i=38 -> XXXVIII
i=39 -> XXXIX
i=40 -> XL
i=41 -> XLI
i=42 -> XLII
i=43 -> XLIII
i=44 -> XLIV
i=45 -> XLV
i=46 -> XLVI
i=47 -> XLVII
i=48 -> XLVIII
i=49 -> XLIX
i=50 -> L
i=51 -> LI
i=52 -> LII
i=53 -> LIII
i=54 -> LIV
i=55 -> LV
i=56 -> LVI
i=57 -> LVII
i=58 -> LVIII
i=59 -> LIX
i=60 -> LX
i=61 -> LXI
i=62 -> LXII
i=63 -> LXIII
i=64 -> LXIV
i=65 -> LXV
i=66 -> LXVI
i=67 -> LXVII
i=68 -> LXVIII
i=69 -> LXIX
i=70 -> LXX
i=71 -> LXXI
i=72 -> LXXII
i=73 -> LXXIII
i=74 -> LXXIV
i=75 -> LXXV
i=76 -> LXXVI
i=77 -> LXXVII
i=78 -> LXXVIII
i=79 -> LXXIX
i=80 -> LXXX
i=81 -> LXXXI
i=82 -> LXXXII
i=83 -> LXXXIII
i=84 -> LXXXIV
i=85 -> LXXXV
i=86 -> LXXXVI
i=87 -> LXXXVII
i=88 -> LXXXVIII
i=89 -> LXXXIX
i=90 -> XC
i=91 -> XCI
i=92 -> XCII
i=93 -> XCIII
i=94 -> XCIV
i=95 -> XCV
i=96 -> XCVI
i=97 -> XCVII
i=98 -> XCVIII
i=99 -> XCIX
i=100 -> C
i=101 -> CI
i=102 -> CII
i=103 -> CIII
i=104 -> CIV
i=105 -> CV
i=106 -> CVI
i=107 -> CVII
i=108 -> CVIII
i=109 -> CIX
i=110 -> CX
i=111 -> CXI
i=112 -> CXII
i=113 -> CXIII
i=114 -> CXIV
i=115 -> CXV
i=116 -> CXVI
i=117 -> CXVII
i=118 -> CXVIII
i=119 -> CXIX
i=120 -> CXX
i=121 -> CXXI
i=122 -> CXXII
i=123 -> CXXIII
i=124 -> CXXIV
i=125 -> CXXV
i=126 -> CXXVI
i=127 -> CXXVII
i=128 -> CXXVIII
i=129 -> CXXIX
i=130 -> CXXX
i=131 -> CXXXI
i=132 -> CXXXII
i=133 -> CXXXIII
i=134 -> CXXXIV
i=135 -> CXXXV
i=136 -> CXXXVI
i=137 -> CXXXVII
i=138 -> CXXXVIII
i=139 -> CXXXIX
i=140 -> CXL
i=141 -> CXLI
i=142 -> CXLII
i=143 -> CXLIII
i=144 -> CXLIV
i=145 -> CXLV
i=146 -> CXLVI
i=147 -> CXLVII
i=148 -> CXLVIII
i=149 -> CXLIX
i=150 -> CL
i=151 -> CLI
i=152 -> CLII
i=153 -> CLIII
i=154 -> CLIV
i=155 -> CLV
i=156 -> CLVI
i=157 -> CLVII
i=158 -> CLVIII
i=159 -> CLIX
i=160 -> CLX
i=161 -> CLXI
i=162 -> CLXII
i=163 -> CLXIII
i=164 -> CLXIV
i=165 -> CLXV
i=166 -> CLXVI
i=167 -> CLXVII
i=168 -> CLXVIII
i=169 -> CLXIX
i=170 -> CLXX
i=171 -> CLXXI
i=172 -> CLXXII
i=173 -> CLXXIII
i=174 -> CLXXIV
i=175 -> CLXXV
i=176 -> CLXXVI
i=177 -> CLXXVII
i=178 -> CLXXVIII
i=179 -> CLXXIX
i=180 -> CLXXX
i=181 -> CLXXXI
i=182 -> CLXXXII
i=183 -> CLXXXIII
i=184 -> CLXXXIV
i=185 -> CLXXXV
i=186 -> CLXXXVI
i=187 -> CLXXXVII
i=188 -> CLXXXVIII
i=189 -> CLXXXIX
i=190 -> CXC
i=191 -> CXCI
i=192 -> CXCII
i=193 -> CXCIII
i=194 -> CXCIV
i=195 -> CXCV
i=196 -> CXCVI
i=197 -> CXCVII
i=198 -> CXCVIII
i=199 -> CXCIX
i=200 -> CC
i=201 -> CCI
i=202 -> CCII
i=203 -> CCIII
i=204 -> CCIV
i=205 -> CCV
i=206 -> CCVI
i=207 -> CCVII
i=208 -> CCVIII
i=209 -> CCIX
i=210 -> CCX
i=211 -> CCXI
i=212 -> CCXII
i=213 -> CCXIII
i=214 -> CCXIV
i=215 -> CCXV
i=216 -> CCXVI
i=217 -> CCXVII
i=218 -> CCXVIII
i=219 -> CCXIX
i=220 -> CCXX
i=221 -> CCXXI
i=222 -> CCXXII
i=223 -> CCXXIII
i=224 -> CCXXIV
i=225 -> CCXXV
i=226 -> CCXXVI
i=227 -> CCXXVII
i=228 -> CCXXVIII
i=229 -> CCXXIX
i=230 -> CCXXX
i=231 -> CCXXXI
i=232 -> CCXXXII
i=233 -> CCXXXIII
i=234 -> CCXXXIV
i=235 -> CCXXXV
i=236 -> CCXXXVI
i=237 -> CCXXXVII
i=238 -> CCXXXVIII
i=239 -> CCXXXIX
i=240 -> CCXL
i=241 -> CCXLI
i=242 -> CCXLII
i=243 -> CCXLIII
i=244 -> CCXLIV
i=245 -> CCXLV
i=246 -> CCXLVI
i=247 -> CCXLVII
i=248 -> CCXLVIII
i=249 -> CCXLIX
i=250 -> CCL
i=251 -> CCLI
i=252 -> CCLII
i=253 -> CCLIII
i=254 -> CCLIV
i=255 -> CCLV
Solution 4:
From Java Notes 6.0 website:
/**
* An object of type RomanNumeral is an integer between 1 and 3999. It can
* be constructed either from an integer or from a string that represents
* a Roman numeral in this range. The function toString() will return a
* standardized Roman numeral representation of the number. The function
* toInt() will return the number as a value of type int.
*/
public class RomanNumeral {
private final int num; // The number represented by this Roman numeral.
/* The following arrays are used by the toString() function to construct
the standard Roman numeral representation of the number. For each i,
the number numbers[i] is represented by the corresponding string, letters[i].
*/
private static int[] numbers = { 1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90,
50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1 };
private static String[] letters = { "M", "CM", "D", "CD", "C", "XC",
"L", "XL", "X", "IX", "V", "IV", "I" };
/**
* Constructor. Creates the Roman number with the int value specified
* by the parameter. Throws a NumberFormatException if arabic is
* not in the range 1 to 3999 inclusive.
*/
public RomanNumeral(int arabic) {
if (arabic < 1)
throw new NumberFormatException("Value of RomanNumeral must be positive.");
if (arabic > 3999)
throw new NumberFormatException("Value of RomanNumeral must be 3999 or less.");
num = arabic;
}
/*
* Constructor. Creates the Roman number with the given representation.
* For example, RomanNumeral("xvii") is 17. If the parameter is not a
* legal Roman numeral, a NumberFormatException is thrown. Both upper and
* lower case letters are allowed.
*/
public RomanNumeral(String roman) {
if (roman.length() == 0)
throw new NumberFormatException("An empty string does not define a Roman numeral.");
roman = roman.toUpperCase(); // Convert to upper case letters.
int i = 0; // A position in the string, roman;
int arabic = 0; // Arabic numeral equivalent of the part of the string that has
// been converted so far.
while (i < roman.length()) {
char letter = roman.charAt(i); // Letter at current position in string.
int number = letterToNumber(letter); // Numerical equivalent of letter.
i++; // Move on to next position in the string
if (i == roman.length()) {
// There is no letter in the string following the one we have just processed.
// So just add the number corresponding to the single letter to arabic.
arabic += number;
}
else {
// Look at the next letter in the string. If it has a larger Roman numeral
// equivalent than number, then the two letters are counted together as
// a Roman numeral with value (nextNumber - number).
int nextNumber = letterToNumber(roman.charAt(i));
if (nextNumber > number) {
// Combine the two letters to get one value, and move on to next position in string.
arabic += (nextNumber - number);
i++;
}
else {
// Don't combine the letters. Just add the value of the one letter onto the number.
arabic += number;
}
}
} // end while
if (arabic > 3999)
throw new NumberFormatException("Roman numeral must have value 3999 or less.");
num = arabic;
} // end constructor
/**
* Find the integer value of letter considered as a Roman numeral. Throws
* NumberFormatException if letter is not a legal Roman numeral. The letter
* must be upper case.
*/
private int letterToNumber(char letter) {
switch (letter) {
case 'I': return 1;
case 'V': return 5;
case 'X': return 10;
case 'L': return 50;
case 'C': return 100;
case 'D': return 500;
case 'M': return 1000;
default: throw new NumberFormatException(
"Illegal character \"" + letter + "\" in Roman numeral");
}
}
/**
* Return the standard representation of this Roman numeral.
*/
public String toString() {
String roman = ""; // The roman numeral.
int N = num; // N represents the part of num that still has
// to be converted to Roman numeral representation.
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
while (N >= numbers[i]) {
roman += letters[i];
N -= numbers[i];
}
}
return roman;
}
/**
* Return the value of this Roman numeral as an int.
*/
public int toInt() {
return num;
}
}