Skyrim instantly crashes to desktop

Two weeks ago I borrowed an Oculus Rift for the weekend and installed some mods for it, following this guide. Now I'm trying to run it again without the Oculus, and it instantly crashes to desktop.

Behavior

I click on Skyrim in my Steam library, and then click Play from the launcher. A console window pops up for half a second, closes, and the game doesn't run. Sometimes I see a black screen flicker up and then close.

What I've tried

Running Skyrim from SKSE. In this case, I see the SKSE console window flicker up, then another console window, and the game doesn't start.
Uninstalling all mods.
Deleting my Skyrim.ini and SkyrimPrefs.ini files.
Reinstalling Skyrim in Steam by clicking Delete Local Content, followed by Install.
Running Skyrim in a Window.
Praising Talos.
Changing Audio settings to DVD quality.
Restarting my computer.

System specifications

OS: Windows 7 Ultimate, 64-bit
Processor: Intel Core i5-4670K CPU @ 3.40 GHz
Drive: Samsung 840 SSD
Graphics Card:: AMD Radeon HD 7900
Motherboard: Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD4H ATX LGA1150
Monitor: BenQ XL2420T

Solution

Per SevenSidedDie's recommendation, I deleted d3d9.dll, hijackdll.dll, and libfreespace.dll from my Steamapps\common\Skyrim\ folder. It's alive!

Generalized Solution

Uninstalling and reinstalling via steam does not remove the Skyrim folder. If you manually added any DLLs during the modding process, you may have to remove them manually as well. Alternatively, if you don't know which DLLs to remove, uninstall the game, delete the Skyrim folder, and then reinstall. You will not lose your saved games, since they are stored in Users\USER\Documents\my games\skyrim, rather than in steamapp.

The guide you linked to has one step that tells you to dump a punch of Perspective DLLs into Skyrim's executable folder. Since Steam doesn't know these files, it will refuse to delete them! They will still be there when you do a "fresh" install, and will be injected into Skyrim whether you have the Oculus Rift installed or not.

Delete those DLLs, and Skyrim should be fine.