The single word for "Volume per second"

For a general term describing some kind of processing I'd use "throughput"

As Wikipedia states:

Throughput is the movement of inputs and outputs through a production process. [...] Throughput can be best described as the rate at which a system generates its products / services per unit of time.

There is a French word "Débit" for the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time.

For English from Wikipedia:

In physics and engineering, in particular fluid dynamics and hydrometry, the volumetric flow rate, (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow or volume velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. The SI unit is m³·s⁻¹ (cubic meters per second). In US Customary Units and British Imperial Units, volumetric flow rate is often expressed as ft³/s (cubic feet per second). It is usually represented by the symbol Q.

And the French page