Ubuntu dock's "Show Applications" button is missing in Ubuntu 20.04 on VirtualBox

One possibility is that you have set an incorrect screen resolution and that's why the whole bottom part of the screen is getting truncated. In that case change the screen resolution to a suitable one.

Otherwise, if the 'Show Applications' button accidentally got disabled somehow, then running the following command in Terminal should bring it back:

gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock show-show-apps-button true