Get list of changes in Windows Sync Center
Solution 1:
No.
Unfortunately Windows does not log the files that are modified as part of a synchronization operation.
You are alerted to files that fail to sync, which results in partial exposure to files that are involved in sync operations, but obviously this falls short of your stated request.
While I've not personally done so, you could enable audit logging, but this approach can impact I/O performance and generate a lot of logged events unrelated to sync operations.