How can I get rid of this black hole in my minecraft world?

Reload your chunks

  1. Press F3 + A

  2. There is no step 2

failing that...

Reload Minecraft

  1. Close Minecraft

  2. Reopen Minecraft

failing that...

Use MCEdit.

  1. Backup your world

  2. Close Minecraft

  3. Open the world in MCEdit

  4. Using the chunk tool, completely delete the missing chunks

  5. Save and close MCEdit

  6. Reopen Minecraft and it will regenerate the missing chunks