Creating an instance of class

Solution 1:

   /* 1 */ Foo* foo1 = new Foo ();

Creates an object of type Foo in dynamic memory. foo1 points to it. Normally, you wouldn't use raw pointers in C++, but rather a smart pointer. If Foo was a POD-type, this would perform value-initialization (it doesn't apply here).

   /* 2 */ Foo* foo2 = new Foo;

Identical to before, because Foo is not a POD type.

   /* 3 */ Foo foo3;

Creates a Foo object called foo3 in automatic storage.

   /* 4 */ Foo foo4 = Foo::Foo();

Uses copy-initialization to create a Foo object called foo4 in automatic storage.

   /* 5 */ Bar* bar1 = new Bar ( *new Foo() );

Uses Bar's conversion constructor to create an object of type Bar in dynamic storage. bar1 is a pointer to it.

   /* 6 */ Bar* bar2 = new Bar ( *new Foo );

Same as before.

   /* 7 */ Bar* bar3 = new Bar ( Foo foo5 );

This is just invalid syntax. You can't declare a variable there.

   /* 8 */ Bar* bar3 = new Bar ( Foo::Foo() );

Would work and work by the same principle to 5 and 6 if bar3 wasn't declared on in 7.

5 & 6 contain memory leaks.

Syntax like new Bar ( Foo::Foo() ); is not usual. It's usually new Bar ( (Foo()) ); - extra parenthesis account for most-vexing parse. (corrected)

Solution 2:

1. Allocates some dynamic memory from the free store, and creates an object in that memory using its default constructor. You never delete it, so the memory is leaked.
2. Does exactly the same as 1; in the case of user-defined types, the parentheses are optional.
3. Allocates some automatic memory, and creates an object in that memory using its default constructor. The memory is released automatically when the object goes out of scope.
4. Similar to 3. Notionally, the named object foo4 is initialised by default-constructing, copying and destroying a temporary object; usually, this is elided giving the same result as 3.
5. Allocates a dynamic object, then initialises a second by copying the first. Both objects are leaked; and there's no way to delete the first since you don't keep a pointer to it.
6. Does exactly the same as 5.
7. Does not compile. Foo foo5 is a declaration, not an expression; function (and constructor) arguments must be expressions.
8. Creates a temporary object, and initialises a dynamic object by copying it. Only the dynamic object is leaked; the temporary is destroyed automatically at the end of the full expression. Note that you can create the temporary with just Foo() rather than the equivalent Foo::Foo() (or indeed Foo::Foo::Foo::Foo::Foo())

When do I use each?

1. Don't, unless you like unnecessary decorations on your code.
2. When you want to create an object that outlives the current scope. Remember to delete it when you've finished with it, and learn how to use smart pointers to control the lifetime more conveniently.
3. When you want an object that only exists in the current scope.
4. Don't, unless you think 3 looks boring and what to add some unnecessary decoration.
5. Don't, because it leaks memory with no chance of recovery.
6. Don't, because it leaks memory with no chance of recovery.
7. Don't, because it won't compile
8. When you want to create a dynamic Bar from a temporary Foo.

Solution 3:

Lines 1,2,3,4 will call the default constructor. They are different in the essence as 1,2 are dynamically created object and 3,4 are statically created objects.

In Line 7, you create an object inside the argument call. So its an error.

And Lines 5 and 6 are invitation for memory leak.