Hilbert's "Foundations of Geometry" for a purely synthetic development (and more).

E. Moise's "Elementary Geometry from an Advanced Standpoint" for a hybrid approach based on metric notions for distance and angle measure.

I believe "Euclid and Beyond" (Hartshorne) is likely relevant here, but haven't read it.


If you can read german: W. Schwabhäuser, W Szmielew, A. Tarski Metamathematische Methoden in der Geometrie

is an extremely rigorous reference based on the axioms of Tarski. It contains the detailed proof of how analytic geometry can be developed from the geometrical axioms.

We are formalized a large part of this book using a computer system: http://dpt-info.u-strasbg.fr/~narboux/tarski.html