ZFC + not-CH, can a set with cardinality between $\aleph_0$ and $2^{\aleph_0}$ be defined?
Solution 1:
In some sense, yes, you can always construct a set of size $\aleph_1$. Specifically $\omega_1$ is a set of size $\aleph_1$. And if the continuum hypothesis fails, it serves as a counterexample.
You might want to ask whether or not you can construct a set of real numbers of this particular size, and the answer to that will depend on your notion of "construct", but if you mean define "in a reasonable way" the answer is consistently negative.