Does the order of where clauses matter in SQL?

No, that order doesn't matter (or at least: shouldn't matter).

Any decent query optimizer will look at all the parts of the WHERE clause and figure out the most efficient way to satisfy that query.

I know the SQL Server query optimizer will pick a suitable index - no matter which order you have your two conditions in. I assume other RDBMS will have similar strategies.

What does matter is whether or not you have a suitable index for this!

In the case of SQL Server, it will likely use an index if you have:

• an index on (LastName, FirstName)
• an index on (FirstName, LastName)
• an index on just (LastName), or just (FirstName) (or both)

On the other hand - again for SQL Server - if you use SELECT * to grab all columns from a table, and the table is rather small, then there's a good chance the query optimizer will just do a table (or clustered index) scan instead of using an index (because the lookup into the full data page to get all other columns just gets too expensive very quickly).

The order of WHERE clauses should not make a difference in a database that conforms to the SQL standard. The order of evaluation is not guaranteed in most databases.

Do not think that SQL cares about the order. The following generates an error in SQL Server:

select *
from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
where ISNUMERIC(table_name) = 1 and CAST(table_name as int) <> 0

If the first part of this clause were executed first, then only numeric table names would be cast as integers. However, it fails, providing a clear example that SQL Server (as with other databases) does not care about the order of clauses in the WHERE statement.

ANSI SQL Draft 2003 5WD-01-Framework-2003-09.pdf

6.3.3.3 Rule evaluation order

...

Where the precedence is not determined by the Formats or by parentheses, effective evaluation of expressions is generally performed from left to right. However, it is implementation-dependent whether expressions are actually evaluated left to right, particularly when operands or operators might cause conditions to be raised or if the results of the expressions can be determined without completely evaluating all parts of the expression.

copied from here