CATALINA_OPTS vs JAVA_OPTS - What is the difference?

There are two environment variables - CATALINA_OPTS and JAVA_OPTS - which are both used in the catalina.sh startup and shutdown script for Tomcat. They are described in comments within that file as:

[JAVA_OPTS]: (optional) Java runtime options used when the "start", "stop" or "run" command is executed

and

[CATALINA_OPTS]: (optional) Java runtime options used when the "start" or "run" command is executed

So why are there two different variables? And what's the difference?

Firstly, anything specified in EITHER variable is passed, identically, to the command that starts up Tomcat - the "start" or "run" command - but only values set in JAVA_OPTS are passed to the "stop" command. That probably doesn't make any difference to how Tomcat runs in practise as it only effects the end of a run, not the start.

The second difference is more subtle. Other applications may also use JAVA_OPTS, but only Tomcat will use CATALINA_OPTS. So if you're setting environment variables for use only by Tomcat, you'll be best advised to use CATALINA_OPTS, whereas if you're setting environment variables to be used by other java applications as well, such as by JBoss, you should put your settings in JAVA_OPTS.

Source: CATALINA_OPTS v JAVA_OPTS - What is the difference?