Why does ("foo" === new String("foo")) evaluate to false in JavaScript?

Solution 1:

"foo" is a string primitive. (this concept does not exist in C# or Java)

new String("foo") is boxed string object.

The === operator behaves differently on primitives and objects.
When comparing primitives (of the same type), === will return true if they both have the same value.

When comparing objects, === will return true only if they refer to the same object (comparing by reference). Thus, new String("a") !== new String("a").

In your case, === returns false because the operands are of different types (one is a primitive and the other is an object).

Primitives are not objects at all.
The typeof operator will not return "object" for primitives.

When you try to access a property of a primitive (using it as an object), the Javascript language will box it to an object, creating a new object every time. This is described in the specification.

This is why you cannot put properties on primitives:

var x = "a";
x.property = 2;
alert(x.property) //undefined

Each time you write x.property, a different boxed String object is created.

Solution 2:

Using ===,

• an Object is never equal to anything except another reference to itself.

• a primitive is equal when compared to another primitive if their type and value are the same.