Providing Guest VM to connect to Internet through Host on ESXi with only one adapter
Yes it is possible. You can see a vSwitch0 in Virtual Switches Tab in web console of ESXi, that VM Network and Management Network both are connected to it and also the physical NIC is also connected to it.
If your configuration of your physical NIC be correct, you just need to create a virtual machine with a network adapter that is connected to VM Network port group.
To check the configuration of your physical NIC, at the ESXi console, press F2 and check 'Configure Management Network'.