How to increase PV in Ubuntu after Virtualbox VDI resizing?

as A.B stated, you have to resize the partition first. Since this is the last partition on the disk, it can be done easily. I tend to prefer parted over fdisk in these situations.

parted /dev/sde resizepart 3 100%

And here is an actual dialog I had (just changed the diskname and partition number to match yours) while resizing from 44To to 50To. Note that parted asked all the questions again, strange but harmless.

root@server # parted /dev/sde resizepart 3 100%
Warning: Not all of the space available to /dev/sde appears to be used, you can fix the GPT to use all of the space (an extra 20971520000 blocks) or continue with the current setting?
parted: invalid token: 3
Fix/Ignore? Fix
Partition number? 3
Warning: Partition /dev/sde3 is being used. Are you sure you want to continue?
Yes/No? Yes
End?  [44.0TB]? 100%

The answers were Fix, 3, Yes and 100%.

Then, follow A.B's link an continue with pvresize, lvresize etc...