Solution 1:

The system is waiting for a password in the background.

  1. Enter your root password and hit enter
  2. Enter a new password which will be used to register a Machine Owner Key (MOK) for the vboxdrv kernel module
  3. Repeat the password you entered in (2)
  4. Wait for the process to complete and reboot your system
  5. On bootup, follow the instructions to register the MOK

This did the trick for me.

Solution 2:

I just resolved the problem taking the following steps:

  1. Open a terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T and typing:

    sudo dpkg --configure -a
    
  2. After you see the Building inital module immediately hit Ctrl+C to cancel the process
  3. Do it again for other Building modules.
  4. Reinstall VirtualBox with synaptic and reboot
  5. Go to a Terminal again and type the command:

    sudo apt install --fix-missing
    
  6. Now everything should work again.

I assume there is a major problem with VirtualBox at the moment, but everything works fine after I tested the above.