Cross Domain Authentication with ADFS (no domain trust)
This is not possible without a domain trust.
ADFS allows applications to authenticate against AD (or another Identity Provider) without direct access to it; but the applications must explicitly support this authentication method.
Windows logon doesn't.
In order to log on to a Windows system, you need to either:
- Log in using a local user account
- Log in using a user account in the domain the system is joined to
- Log in using a user account in a trusted domain