Explaining the behavior of 8TB disk in different USB adapter
Solution 1:
It appears that one enclosure (the LogiLink QP0020) is forwarding the ATA commands directly to the drive, and the drive is operating in 512e mode. That means that, even though the drive physically has Advanced Format 4KB sectors, the enclosure and your OS see ye olde 512-byte sectors and so the OS lays down the partition table appropriately for that style.
The other enclosure is causing the drive to appear to the OS as having 4KB sectors. (The drive translates physical 4KB sectors to 512-byte sectors to the enclosure, which translates those back into 4KB sectors for the OS!) Therefore, when Windows requests data (since lots of stuff is sector-addressed), it's not in the right place. This is a common problem with switching drives between enclosures that have different behavior with respect to Advanced Format. Further reading: Rod Smith's excellent answer and my history of sector addressing.
You're in a tough spot. You'll need to choose one enclosure (i.e. sector size) and stick with it, otherwise your data will appear to jump around.